Medicine

Part: General · Chapter: Medicine · Edition: 2026-07-12
Keywords: diagnosis, pathophysiology, public health, evidence-based medicine
Glossary: diagnosis, etiology, RCT, public health — see GLOSSARY

At a glance

Medicine applies biological science to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
Evidence-based practice ranks study designs; mechanisms and trials both matter.
Orientation only — not clinical advice.

Online references (live)

Offline snapshots (link-rot shield)

Offline snapshot omitted in this web edition. Offline snapshot · Medicine · https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine · retrieved 2026-07-12

Medicine

Offline snapshot omitted in this web edition. Offline snapshot · Evidence-based medicine · https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine · retrieved 2026-07-12

Evidence-based medicine

Offline snapshot omitted in this web edition. Offline snapshot · Pathophysiology · https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology · retrieved 2026-07-12

Pathophysiology

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Havana Syndrome refers to a cluster of unexplained neurological symptoms reported by U.S. and Canadian government personnel, first in Havana, Cuba, starting in late 2016, and later in multiple global locations including Washington, D.C., China, and Russia. Affected individuals describe sudden onset of symptoms such as intense head pressure, dizziness, vertigo, severe headaches, cognitive difficulties, vision and hearing problems, and nausea, often accompanied by a perceived localized sound—described as a screeching, chirping, or humming noise—felt only by the victim.

Symptoms and Duration: Acute symptoms typically occur abruptly and may last from seconds to minutes. Long-term effects, including persistent cognitive issues, balance problems, insomnia, and chronic headaches, have been reported in some individuals, with some symptoms lasting months or years. The longevity of these symptoms remains uncertain, and they are less specific than the initial acute episodes.

Medical and Scientific Assessment: The condition is not recognized as a formal disease by the medical community or the International Classification of Diseases. Multiple investigations, including those by the National Academies of Sciences, the CIA, the Department of Defense, and the NIH, have yielded no definitive cause. Theories include directed-energy weapons (such as radiofrequency or microwave pulses), mass psychogenic illness, environmental toxins, and pre-existing health conditions exacerbated by stress.

Key Developments (2024–2026):

In 2024, the U.S. government confirmed acquiring a device believed to be linked to Havana Syndrome through an undercover operation, raising questions about its origin and use.
60 Minutes (March 2026) reported that the U.S. government had tested a directed energy weapon—possibly derived from Russian research—on animals, with results matching human symptoms. The report also linked the incidents to Russian intelligence unit 29155, suggesting targeted attacks on U.S. officials with a Russia nexus.
Dr. David Relman, a Stanford professor who led two government panels, stated that the U.S. government dismissed or buried his team’s findings that microwave energy was the most plausible cause.
The Pentagon confirmed it has been testing the device for over a year, and officials are conducting a new comprehensive review of all cases.

Controversy and Criticism: Some experts argue that Havana Syndrome is a socially constructed phenomenon driven by media coverage, stress, and anxiety, rather than a physical attack. Critics, including some on Reddit and in scientific circles, suggest it may be mass psychogenic illness or misinterpreted symptoms from other causes.

Support and Care: The U.S. government provides medical and financial support to affected individuals. As of July 2024, 334 people had completed the process to qualify for care in the military health system.

In summary, Havana Syndrome remains officially unexplained, with strong evidence pointing to directed-energy weapons and Russian involvement, but no conclusive proof. The debate continues between those who believe it is a real, targeted attack and those who see it as a psychological or environmental phenomenon.
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The Art and Science of Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide

Many words in English (especially in science, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, and technical fields) start with “hypo-” because they all come from the same ancient Greek prefix: ὑπό- (hypo-).

Meaning of the Greek prefix hypo-

Primary meanings:
“under”, “below”, “beneath” (spatial sense)
“less than”, “lower than”, “deficient in” (quantitative or degree sense)
“slightly”, “somewhat” (in a weaker or subsidiary way)

This prefix is the opposite of hyper- (ὑπέρ = over, above, excessive).

Why it shows up so often in technical vocabulary

During the Renaissance and later scientific revolutions, scholars deliberately created new technical terms by borrowing Greek and Latin roots. “Hypo-” was an extremely productive prefix for expressing “under/below/less” relationships, so it got attached to hundreds of roots.

Common examples by field

Medicine & Biology (almost always means “deficient” or “below normal”)

Hypoglycemia → low blood sugar (glykys = sweet)
Hypothyroidism → underactive thyroid
Hypotension → low blood pressure
Hypoxia → deficiency of oxygen
Hypodermic → under the skin (derma = skin)

Chemistry

Hypochlorite → a compound with chlorine in a lower oxidation state (e.g., bleach)
Hypophosphorous acid → phosphorus in a lower oxidation state than phosphoric acid

Mathematics & Geometry

Hypotenuse → the side “stretched under” the right angle in a triangle (literally “sub-tense”)
Hyperbola / Parabola / Ellipse all have “hypo-” counterparts in conic-section theory, but the most famous survivor is hypotenuse.

General language & philosophy

Hypothesis → something “placed under” as a foundation or assumption (thesis = something placed)
Hypocrisy → originally “acting a part underneath” (like wearing a mask in Greek theater)
Hypothetical → “placed under” as a supposition

Quick comparison with hyper-

You’ll notice the perfect symmetry:

Hypoglycemia (low sugar) ↔ Hyperglycemia (high sugar)
Hypotension (low BP) ↔ Hypertension (high BP)
Hypothyroid ↔ Hyperthyroid
Hypoallergenic (less likely to cause allergy) ↔ Hyperallergenic (very allergenic, rare word)

PMC3548387

Sir,

Enlightenment era German Philosopher Immanuel Kant said that the chemistry of his times was “a Science” but not “the Science,” because the criterion of genuine science was in its “systematization” of reasoning by the rigors of mathematics.[1]

Quoting this declaration of Kant, Scottish biologist D’Arcy Thomson introduces his book on biological evolution, apologetically stating that the matter of his discourse will take much time to scale up to Kant’s expectation.[1]

Ambar Charkarvarty’s viewpoint on neural circuitry of visual artistic production and appreciation was a bold attempt on a difficult subject.[2] True to its limits, the author admits that what he has hypothesized was “entirely conceptual” and needing experimental proof. However, he qualifies this hypothesis as “based” on “established principles of neuroanatomy, cognitive neurosciences, and deduction from case studies.”

This writer doubts whether the epistemological nature of biology, primarily being an observational science, with very limited element of “theoretical reasoning,” permits one-to-one reasoning as seen in exact sciences like theoretical physics (Immanuel Kant’s “the Science”). To prove or disprove that aspirin-clopidogrel combination is better than aspirin alone in preventing vascular events, we need a direct head-to-head comparative observation of the groups with strictest scrutiny of measures to prevent every possible confounder. Here, theoretical knowledge of the “nature” of aspirin and clopidogrel would not allow us to “predict” the outcome of the trial. Indeed, the history of medicine is full of wonderful theoretical possibilities becoming anything but the contrary on actual clinical scrutiny.

This brings us to the validity of “inferences” from isolated case reports on patients whose disease might involve multiple isolated or disseminated lesions that may not be discernible by available imaging technologies (MRI, fMRI, PET). Added to this is the incredible complexity of the biological feedback and parallel processing system. For instance, Essen et al. using pathway tracing techniques report 305 pathways interconnecting 32 visual areas in primate brain, with reciprocal connection and multiple feedback loops.[3] Also, the concept of modularity of brain function, though true in certain number of restricted functions, needn’t be true for many multimodal and/or supramodal functions.[4] As the author admits, many workers question the depiction of brain function in serial step-wise manner.[4]

In this context, the phenomena demonstrated by single case studies are at best hypotheses that need “quantitative” validation like everything else in biology and medicine. However, because of the rarity of such phenomena and the non-feasibility of experimentally creating identical brain lesions, such “quantitative validation” becomes almost impossible.

When hypothesis is made on hypotheses, we would have to call it “metahypothesis.” One wonders if “metahypothesis” has any validity beyond what “metaphysics” has over physics. Indeed, many areas of cognitive neurology are extremely complex that one has to wonder whether the subject matter defies the methods available or ever feasible for its study. On a lighter note, as Emerson M. Pugh said, if the human brain were so simple that humans could understand it, human would be so simple that he couldn’t! Here, a discussion of the “limits of science and the science of limits” will be very pertinent.[5]

Lecture 1: The Human Body: Structure and Function

1.1 Anatomy: Gross and Microscopic
1.2 Physiology: Homeostasis and Basic Life Processes
1.3 Cell Biology: Cell Cycle, Structure, and Function
1.4 Biochemistry: Basic Metabolism (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins)

Lecture 2: The Foundations of Disease and Health

2.1 Pathology: Basic Principles of Disease Processes
2.2 Immunology: The Immune System and Defense Mechanisms
2.3 Microbiology: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites
2.4 Epidemiology: Principles of Disease Prevalence and Control

Lecture 3: Patient Assessment and Diagnosis

3.1 Medical History Taking: The Art of Eliciting Information
3.2 The Physical Examination: Techniques (Auscultation, Palpation, Percussion, Inspection)
3.3 Basic Laboratory Diagnostics
3.4 Diagnostic Imaging: X-rays and Ultrasound Basics

Lecture 4: Basic Therapeutics and Patient Care

4.1 Pharmacology: Principles of Drug Action and Interactions
4.2 Nutrition: Role in Health and Disease
4.3 First Aid and Basic Life Support (BLS)
4.4 Medical Ethics and Communication

Lecture 5: The Cardiovascular System

5.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart and Blood Vessels
5.2 Common Diseases: Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction
5.3 Diagnostics: Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
5.4 Therapeutics: Antihypertensives, Anticoagulants, Lipid Management

Lecture 6: The Pulmonary (Respiratory) System

6.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs and Airways
6.2 Common Diseases: Asthma, COPD, Pneumonia
6.3 Airway Management

Lecture 7: The Gastrointestinal System

7.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive Tract, Liver, and Pancreas
7.2 Common Diseases: Peptic Ulcer Disease, IBD (Crohn’s, Ulcerative Colitis), Cirrhosis
7.3 Endoscopy and Imaging

Lecture 8: The Renal and Urinary System

8.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney
8.2 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
8.3 Common Diseases: Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury, UTIs

Lecture 9: The Endocrine System

9.1 Hormones and Glands: Anatomy and Function
9.2 Diabetes Mellitus: Types 1 and 2
9.3 Thyroid Disorders: Hyper- and Hypothyroidism

Lecture 10: The Nervous System

10.1 Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS) Nervous Systems: Anatomy and Function
10.2 Common Conditions: Stroke, Epilepsy, Headaches
10.3 Neuroimaging Basics (CT, MRI)

Lecture 11: Musculoskeletal and Dermatology

11.1 Bones, Muscles, and Joints: Anatomy and Physiology
11.2 Common Diseases: Arthritis (Osteo- and Rheumatoid), Fractures, Osteoporosis
11.3 Skin: Anatomy and Common Disorders

Lecture 12: Oncology (Cancer)

12.1 Cell Biology of Cancer: Oncogenes and Tumor Suppression
12.2 Diagnosis and Staging
12.3 Treatment Modalities: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation, Immunotherapy

Lecture 13: Infectious Diseases and Global Health

13.1 HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria
13.2 Epidemiology and Public Health Policy
13.3 Vaccination and Infection Control

Lecture 14: Genetics and Personalized Medicine

14.1 Medical Genetics and Heredity
14.2 Gene Therapy and Biotechnology
14.3 The Human Genome Project and Personalized Medicine

Lecture 15: Critical Care and Emergency Medicine

15.1 Shock: Types and Management
15.2 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Principles
15.3 Trauma Management
15.4 Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)

Lecture 16: Surgery and Anesthesia

16.1 Principles of Surgery
16.2 Anesthesia: General, Local, and Regional
16.3 Transplantation and Tissue Engineering

Lecture 17: Mental Health and Psychiatry

17.1 Mood Disorders: Bipolar and Depression
17.2 Anxiety Disorders and Addiction
17.3 Therapeutic Approaches: CBT and Psychopharmacology

Lecture 18: Special Populations and Emerging Fields

18.1 Pediatrics and Child Development
18.2 Geriatrics and the Physiology of Ageing
18.3 Palliative Care and Advanced Care Planning
18.4 Lifestyle Medicine and Wellness

Integrative Approaches to Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide to Allopathic and Alternative Therapies

This index covers the core concepts and applications of major medical systems, facilitating a comparative and integrative understanding of health and healing.Part I: Allopathic Medicine: The Conventional Approach

Lecture 1: Foundations of Conventional Western Medicine

1.1 The Biomedical Model: Principles and Philosophy
1.2 Diagnosis in Allopathy: Evidence-Based Assessment and Technology (Imaging, Labs)
1.3 Therapeutics: Pharmacology and Surgery
1.4 Strengths and Limitations of the Allopathic Model

Lecture 2: Core Clinical Systems Review (Brief overview focusing on allopathic diagnosis and treatment)

2.1 Cardiovascular Health and Disease
2.2 Infectious Diseases and Immunology
2.3 Oncology (Cancer Treatment)

Lecture 3: Principles and Philosophy of Homeopathy

3.1 Historical Context: Samuel Hahnemann and Origins
3.2 The Law of Similars (“Like Cures Like”)
3.3 Key Concepts: Potentization, Dynamization, and Vital Force
3.4 The Role of Symptoms: The Totality of Symptoms

Lecture 4: Practice and Application of Homeopathy

4.1 Case Taking and Analysis
4.2 _Materia Medica_ and Repertory
4.3 Remedy Preparation and Dosing
4.4 Clinical Evidence and Controversies

Lecture 5: Foundations of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

5.1 Core Philosophy: Yin and Yang, Five Elements Theory
5.2 Qi (Chi): Energy and Vital Flow
5.3 Channel Theory: Meridians and Acupoints
5.4 Causes of Disease in TCM

Lecture 6: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities in TCM

6.1 Diagnosis: Tongue and Pulse Diagnosis
6.2 Acupuncture: Techniques, Mechanisms, and Clinical Uses
6.3 Herbal Medicine in TCM
6.4 Other Practices: Tui Na (massage), Qigong, Dietary Therapy

Lecture 7: Principles and Philosophy of Ayurveda

7.1 Historical Context and Origins
7.2 The Five Elements and Tridosha Theory: Vata, Pitta, Kapha
7.3 Constitution (Prakriti): Understanding Individual Body Types
7.4 Disease Processes (Vikriti): Imbalance and Toxins (Ama)

Lecture 8: Practice and Application of Ayurveda

8.1 Diagnosis and Assessment
8.2 Treatment Modalities: Diet, Lifestyle, Herbs
8.3 Panchakarma: Detoxification and Rejuvenation Therapies
8.4 Yoga and Meditation in Ayurvedic Practice

Lecture 9: Naturopathic Medicine and Herbalism

9.1 Naturopathic Principles: The Healing Power of Nature, Treat the Whole Person
9.2 Herbal Medicine (Phytotherapy): Common Herbs and Safety
9.3 Nutrition and Lifestyle Counseling

Lecture 10: Manual Therapies

10.1 Chiropractic: Principles and Spinal Manipulation
10.2 Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT)
10.3 Massage Therapy and Bodywork

Lecture 11: Comparing and Contrasting Medical Systems

11.1 Allopathy vs. Alternatives: Different Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment
11.2 The Role of Evidence: Scientific Rigor vs. Empirical Observation
11.3 Patient Choice and Safety in Integrative Care

Lecture 12: Building an Integrative Practice

12.1 Combining Therapies: Synergies and Contraindications
12.2 Ethical Considerations in Pluralistic Medicine
12.3 Future Trends in Whole Person Healthcare

Glossary of terms

Advanced”A
Abdomen\ anatomy of, [1]\ physical examination of, [1]
Abnormalities, congenital (see Congenital abnormalities)
ABO blood group system, [1]
Abscess, [1]
Acetylcholine, [1]
Acid-base balance\ disorders of, [1]\ physiology of, [1]
Acne vulgaris, [1]
Action potential, [1]
Acupuncture, [1]
Acute kidney injury (AKI), [1]
Addiction, [1]
Addison’s disease, [1]
Adenocarcinoma, [1]
Adrenal glands, [1]\ anatomy and function, [1]\ disorders of (see specific disorders, e.g., Cushing’s syndrome)
Advanced care planning, [1]
Affective disorders (see Mood disorders)
Ageing, physiology of, [1]
AIDS (see HIV/AIDS)
Airway management, [1]\ basic life support (BLS), [1]\ advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), [1]
Akinetic mutism, [1]
Alcohol use disorder, [1]
Alimentary canal (see Gastrointestinal tract)
Allergies, [1]
Alpha-blockers, [1]
Alzheimer’s disease, [1]
Ambulatory medicine, [1]
Amino acids, [1]
Amnesia, [1]
Amputation, [1]
Anabolism, [1]
Analgesia, types and uses, [1]
Anaphylaxis, [1]
Anatomy\ gross, [1]\ microscopic (see Histology)\ regional, [1]
Anemia, [1]
Anesthesia\ general, [1]\ local, [1]\ regional, [1]
Aneurysm, [1]
Angina pectoris, [1]
Angiogenesis, [1]
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, [1]
Anorexia nervosa, [1]
Antibiotics, [1]
Antibodies, [1]
Anticoagulants, [1]
Antidepressants, [1]
Antigen, [1]
Antihypertensive drugs, [1]
Anxiety disorders, [1]
Aorta, [1]
Aphasia, [1]
Apoptosis, [1]
Appendicitis, [1]
Arrhythmias, cardiac, [1]
Arteries, [1]
Arthritis\ osteoarthritis, [1]\ rheumatoid, [1]
Asthma, [1]
Atherosclerosis, [1]
Atrial fibrillation, [1]
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), [1]
Auscultation, [1]
Autoimmune diseases, [1]
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), [1]B
Bacteria, [1]
Bariatric surgery, [1]
Basic life support (BLS), [1]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), [1]
Beta-blockers, [1]
Bile, [1]
Biochemistry, [1]
Biopsy, [1]
Biotechnology in medicine, [1]
Bipolar disorder, [1]
Bladder, urinary, [1]\ anatomy and function, [1]\ disorders of, [1]
Blood\ components of, [1]\ transfusion, [1]
Blood pressure, regulation of, [1]
Body mass index (BMI), [1]
Bones, [1]\ anatomy and physiology, [1]\ fractures, [1]
Brain, [1]\ anatomy of, [1]\ imaging of (see Neuroimaging)\ tumors of, [1]
Breast cancer, [1]
Breathing, physiology of, [1]
Bronchitis, [1]C
Cancer (see Oncology)
Capillaries, [1]
Carbohydrates, metabolism of, [1]
Cardiac cycle, [1]
Cardiology, [1]
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (see Basic life support; Advanced cardiac life support)
Cardiovascular system, [1]\ anatomy and physiology of, [1]\ common diseases of, [1]
Care, palliative (see Palliative care)
Catabolism, [1]
Cataracts, [1]
Cell biology, [1]\ cell cycle, [1]\ cell signaling, [1]\ structure and function, [1]
Cellulitis, [1]
Central nervous system (CNS), [1]
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (see Stroke)
Chemical biology, [1]
Chemotherapy, [1]
Chest X-ray, [1]
Child development, [1]
Cholesterol, [1]
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), [1]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), [1]
Cirrhosis, [1]
Clinical trials, [1]
Cloning, molecular and reproductive, [1]
Coagulation, [1]
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), [1]
Colorectal cancer, [1]
Coma, [1]
Communication skills in medicine, [1]
Community health, [1]
Computed tomography (CT) scan, [1]
Congenital abnormalities, [1]
Consciousness, [1]
Constipation, [1]
Contact tracing, [1]
Contraception, [1]
Coronary artery disease (CAD), [1]
Corticosteroids, [1]
Critical care medicine (see Intensive care unit)
Crohn’s disease, [1]
Cushing’s syndrome, [1]
Cystic fibrosis, [1]
Cytokines, [1]D
Dementia, [1]
Dermatology, [1]
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1, [1]
Type 2, [1]
Diagnosis, clinical reasoning in, [1]
Diagnostic imaging (see Imaging, diagnostic)
Dialysis, [1]
Diarrhea, [1]
Digestive system (see Gastrointestinal tract)
Disease prevention, [1]
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), [1]\ genetics (see Genetics)
Drug interactions, [1]E
Eating disorders, [1]
Echocardiography, [1]
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), [1]
Electroencephalogram (EEG), [1]
Electrolytes, [1]\ imbalance, [1]
Emergency medicine, [1]
Endocrine system, [1]\ anatomy and physiology of, [1]\ disorders of (see specific disorders, e.g., Diabetes mellitus)
Endocrinology, [1]
Endoscopy, [1]
Environmental health, [1]
Enzymes, [1]
Epidemiology, [1]
Epilepsy, [1]
Ethics, medical, [1]
Evidence-based medicine (EBM), [1]
Exercise physiology, [1]
Eye, anatomy and disorders of, [1]F
Fats (see Lipids)
Fever, [1]
First aid, [1]
Fluids, body, [1]\ balance and management, [1]
Fractures, [1]
Fungi, [1]
Fungal infections, [1]G
Gallbladder, [1]
Gastroenterology, [1]
Gastrointestinal tract, [1]\ anatomy and physiology, [1]\ common diseases of, [1]
Gene therapy, [1]
Genetics, [1]\ medical, [1]\ personalized medicine, [1]
Genome, human, [1]
Geriatrics, [1]
Glaucoma, [1]
Global health, [1]
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), [1]
Glucose, metabolism of, [1]
Gout, [1]H
Haematology (see Hematology)
Headache, [1]
Healing, wound, [1]
Health policy, [1]
Heart, [1]\ anatomy and physiology of, [1]\ failure, [1]\ transplantation, [1]
Hematology, [1]
Hematopoiesis, [1]
Hemorrhage, [1]
Hepatitis, [1]
Heredity (see Genetics)
Histology, [1]
History taking, medical, [1]
HIV/AIDS, [1]
Homeostasis, [1]
Hormones, [1]
Hospice care, [1]
Human immunodeficiency virus (see HIV/AIDS)
Hypertension, [1]
Hyperthyroidism, [1]
Hypotension, [1]
Hypothyroidism, [1]
Hypoxia, [1]I
Imaging, diagnostic
CT scans, [1]
MRI, [1]\ ultrasound, [1]
X-rays, [1]
Immune system, [1]\ anatomy and function, [1]\ disorders of (see Autoimmune diseases; Immunodeficiency)
Immunization (see Vaccination)
Immunodeficiency, [1]
Immunology, [1]
Immunosuppression, [1]
Infection control, [1]
Infections\ bacterial, [1]\ fungal, [1]\ parasitic, [1]\ viral, [1]
Infectious diseases, [1]
Inflammation, [1]
Influenza, [1]
Intensive care unit (ICU), [1]
Internal medicine, [1]
Intestines\ large, [1]\ small, [1]
Ischemia, [1]J
Jaundice, [1]
Joints, [1]\ anatomy and physiology, [1]\ disorders of (see Arthritis)K
Kidney, [1]\ anatomy and physiology of, [1]\ diseases of (see Chronic kidney disease; Acute kidney injury)\ transplantation, [1]
Kinetic mutism (see Akinetic mutism)L
Laboratory diagnostics, [1]
Laparoscopy, [1]
Larynx, [1]
Legal medicine (see Forensic medicine)
Lifestyle medicine, [1]
Lipids, metabolism of, [1]
Liver, [1]\ anatomy and physiology of, [1]\ diseases of (see Cirrhosis; Hepatitis)\ transplantation, [1]
Lungs (see Pulmonary system)
Lymphatic system, [1]M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [1]
Malaria, [1]
Malignancy (see Cancer; Oncology)
Medical education, [1]
Medical ethics (see Ethics, medical)
Medical history taking (see History taking, medical)
Medical imaging (see Imaging, diagnostic)
Medical law (see Forensic medicine)
Medical statistics, [1]
Medication (see Pharmacology; Drugs)
Menopause, [1]
Mental health, [1]
Metabolism, [1]\ disorders of (see specific disorders, e.g., Diabetes mellitus)
Microbiology, [1]
Microscopy, [1]
Mind-body connection, [1]
Mitochondria, [1]
Molecular biology, [1]
Mood disorders, [1]
Mortality, causes of, [1]
Mouth, [1]\ anatomy and disorders of, [1]
Movement disorders, [1]
Muscles, [1]\ anatomy and physiology of, [1]
Musculoskeletal system, [1]
Myocardial infarction (MI), [1]N
Nephrology, [1]
Nervous system\ autonomic (see Autonomic nervous system)\ central (see Central nervous system)\ peripheral (see Peripheral nervous system)
Neurology, [1]
Neurons, [1]
Neuroimaging, [1]
Neuroscience, [1]
Neurotransmitters, [1]
Nutrition, [1]
Nuts, dietary, [1]O
Obesity, [1]
Obstetrics and gynecology, [1]
Oncology, [1]
Oncogenes, [1]
Ophthalmology, [1]
Organ transplantation (see Transplantation)
Orthopedics, [1]
Osteoarthritis (see Arthritis)
Osteoporosis, [1]
Otology, [1]P
Pain management, [1]
Palliative care, [1]
Pancreas, [1]\ anatomy and function, [1]\ disorders of (see Diabetes mellitus)
Parasites, [1]
Parasitic infections, [1]
Parkinson’s disease, [1]
Pathology, [1]
Pediatrics, [1]
Peptic ulcer disease, [1]
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), [1]
Pharmacology, [1]
Pharmacy, [1]
Pharynx, [1]
Physical examination, [1]
Physiology, [1]
Plastic surgery, [1]
Pneumonia, [1]
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, [1]
Pregnancy, [1]
Prevalence, disease, [1]
Prevention, disease (see Disease prevention)
Primary care, [1]
Prognosis, [1]
Prostate cancer, [1]
Proteins, [1]
Psychiatry, [1]
Psychology, health, [1]
Pulmonary system, [1]\ anatomy and physiology of, [1]\ diseases of, [1]Q
Quality of life, [1]R
Radiology, [1]
Rehabilitation medicine, [1]
Renal system (see Kidney)
Reproduction, biology of, [1]
Reproductive health, [1]
Respiratory system (see Pulmonary system)
Rheumatoid arthritis (see Arthritis)
Risk factors, disease, [1]
RNA (ribonucleic acid), [1]S
Screening, medical, [1]
Sepsis, [1]
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), [1]
Shock, types and management, [1]
Skin, [1]\ anatomy and function (see Dermatology)
Sleep disorders, [1]
Smoking cessation, [1]
Social determinants of health, [1]
Specialties, medical (see specific specialties, e.g., Cardiology, Oncology)
Spinal cord, [1]\ anatomy and injury, [1]
Statistics, medical (see Medical statistics)
Stem cells, [1]
Stomach, [1]\ anatomy and function, [1]
Stroke, [1]
Substance abuse (see Alcohol use disorder; Addiction)
Surgery, [1]\ types and techniques (see specific types, e.g., Laparoscopy, Bariatric surgery)
Symptoms, common medical, [1]
Syndromes, genetic (see Genetics)T
Tendon, [1]
Therapeutics, [1]
Thrombosis, [1]
Thyroid gland, [1]\ anatomy and function, [1]\ disorders of, [1]
Tissue engineering, [1]
Tomography, computed (see Computed tomography scan)
Tomography, positron emission (see Positron emission tomography scan)
Toxicology, [1]
Transplantation, organ, [1]
Trauma, [1]
Tuberculosis, [1]
Tumors (see Cancer; Oncology)U
Ulcerative colitis, [1]
Ulcers, peptic (see Peptic ulcer disease)
Ultrasound imaging, [1]
Urinary tract, [1]\ anatomy and infections (UTIs), [1]
Urology, [1]V
Vaccination, [1]
Veins, [1]
Ventilation, mechanical, [1]
Virology, [1]
Viruses (see Viruses; Viral infections)
Vision, physiology and disorders, [1]
Vitamins, [1]\ deficiencies, [1]W
Weight management (see Obesity; Eating disorders; Nutrition)
Wellness, [1]
Wound healing (see Healing, wound)X
X-rays (see Chest X-ray; Imaging, diagnostic)Y
Yoga as therapy, [1]Z
Zoonotic diseases, [1]

Part index

The scientific map, the equations, and the bibliographic spine for this part of the Knowledge Base are collected in the part indexes:

General · Engineering · Computer science · Playbooks
Indexes · Glossary · SUMMARY

Wikipedia snapshots in the chapter card offer offline orientation; the part indexes carry the full citation trails.